Product: PKR Antibody
Catalog: AF6216
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to PKR
Application: WB IHC IF/ICC
Cited expt.: WB
Reactivity: Human, Mouse
Mol.Wt.: 74kDa; 62kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P19525
RRID: AB_2835097

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 100ul $280 In stock
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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200, IF/ICC 1:100-1:500
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
PKR Antibody detects endogenous levels of total PKR.
RRID:
AB_2835097
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF6216, RRID:AB_2835097.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

Double stranded RNA activated protein kinase;; E2AK2_HUMAN; eIF-2A protein kinase 2; EIF2AK1; EIF2AK2; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2; HGNC:9437; Interferon induced double stranded RNA activated protein kinase; Interferon inducible elF2 alpha kinase; Interferon inducible RNA dependent protein kinase; Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase; Interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase; MGC126524; P1/eIF-2A protein kinase; P1/eIF2A protein kinase; p68 kinase; PKR; PPP1R83; PRKR; Protein kinase interferon inducible double stranded RNA dependent; Protein kinase RNA activated; Protein kinase RNA-activated; Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 83; Serine/threonine protein kinase TIK; Tyrosine protein kinase EIF2AK2;

Immunogens

Immunogen:

A synthesized peptide derived from human PKR, corresponding to a region within the internal amino acids.

Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Expression:
P19525 E2AK2_HUMAN:

Highly expressed in thymus, spleen and bone marrow compared to non-hematopoietic tissues such as small intestine, liver, or kidney tissues. Colocalizes with GSK3B and TAU in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Elevated levels seen in breast and colon carcinomas, and which correlates with tumor progression and invasiveness or risk of progression.

Description:
PKR a protein kinase of the PEK family. Upon binding double-stranded RNA, it becomes autophosphorylated and activated. Phosphorylates and inhibits the alpha subunit of eIF2 alpha, which leads to an inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis.
Sequence:
MAGDLSAGFFMEELNTYRQKQGVVLKYQELPNSGPPHDRRFTFQVIIDGREFPEGEGRSKKEAKNAAAKLAVEILNKEKKAVSPLLLTTTNSSEGLSMGNYIGLINRIAQKKRLTVNYEQCASGVHGPEGFHYKCKMGQKEYSIGTGSTKQEAKQLAAKLAYLQILSEETSVKSDYLSSGSFATTCESQSNSLVTSTLASESSSEGDFSADTSEINSNSDSLNSSSLLMNGLRNNQRKAKRSLAPRFDLPDMKETKYTVDKRFGMDFKEIELIGSGGFGQVFKAKHRIDGKTYVIKRVKYNNEKAEREVKALAKLDHVNIVHYNGCWDGFDYDPETSDDSLESSDYDPENSKNSSRSKTKCLFIQMEFCDKGTLEQWIEKRRGEKLDKVLALELFEQITKGVDYIHSKKLIHRDLKPSNIFLVDTKQVKIGDFGLVTSLKNDGKRTRSKGTLRYMSPEQISSQDYGKEVDLYALGLILAELLHVCDTAFETSKFFTDLRDGIISDIFDKKEKTLLQKLLSKKPEDRPNTSEILRTLTVWKKSPEKNERHTC

Research Backgrounds

Function:

IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection and is also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles virus (MV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1). Inhibits viral replication via phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1), this phosphorylation impairs the recycling of EIF2S1 between successive rounds of initiation leading to inhibition of translation which eventually results in shutdown of cellular and viral protein synthesis. Also phosphorylates other substrates including p53/TP53, PPP2R5A, DHX9, ILF3, IRS1 and the HHV-1 viral protein US11. In addition to serine/threonine-protein kinase activity, also has tyrosine-protein kinase activity and phosphorylates CDK1 at 'Tyr-4' upon DNA damage, facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Either as an adapter protein and/or via its kinase activity, can regulate various signaling pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappa-B and insulin signaling pathways) and transcription factors (JUN, STAT1, STAT3, IRF1, ATF3) involved in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via interaction with IKBKB and TRAF family of proteins and activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway via interaction with MAP2K6. Can act as both a positive and negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Negatively regulates ISP by inducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 'Ser-312' and positively regulates ISP via phosphorylation of PPP2R5A which activates FOXO1, which in turn up-regulates the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2). Can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Can trigger apoptosis via FADD-mediated activation of CASP8. Plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton by binding to gelsolin (GSN), sequestering the protein in an inactive conformation away from actin.

PTMs:

Autophosphorylated on several Ser, Thr and Tyr residues. Autophosphorylation of Thr-451 is dependent on Thr-446 and is stimulated by dsRNA binding and dimerization. Autophosphorylation apparently leads to the activation of the kinase. Tyrosine autophosphorylation is essential for efficient dsRNA-binding, dimerization, and kinase activation.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cytoplasm>Perinuclear region.
Note: Nuclear localization is elevated in acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), melanoma, breast, colon, prostate and lung cancer patient samples or cell lines as well as neurocytes from advanced Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Highly expressed in thymus, spleen and bone marrow compared to non-hematopoietic tissues such as small intestine, liver, or kidney tissues. Colocalizes with GSK3B and TAU in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Elevated levels seen in breast and colon carcinomas, and which correlates with tumor progression and invasiveness or risk of progression.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GCN2 subfamily.

Research Fields

· Cellular Processes > Cell growth and death > Necroptosis.   (View pathway)

· Genetic Information Processing > Folding, sorting and degradation > Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Hepatitis C.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Measles.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Influenza A.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Human papillomavirus infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Herpes simplex infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Epstein-Barr virus infection.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Viral carcinogenesis.

References

1). Albendazole negatively regulates keratinocyte proliferation. CLINICAL SCIENCE, 2020 (PubMed: 32236445) [IF=6.7]

2). Targeted inhibition of CX3CL1 limits podocytes ferroptosis to ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2023 (PubMed: 37875838) [IF=6.0]

Application: WB    Species: Mouse    Sample: kidney tissues

Fig. 6 CX3CL1 deficiency inhibited cisplatin-induced ER stress and HIF1A/HO-1 signal activation in kidney tissues. A Western blot analysis of proteins in kidney tissues that are associated with ER stress. B Western blotting was conducted to evaluate the HIF1A and HO-1 protein expression patterns in renal tissues. C Representative micrographs of CHOP and nephrin staining in renal tissues. Scale bar = 10 μm. D Representative micrographs of HO-1 and nephrin staining in renal tissues. Scale bar = 10 μm. E Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze the podocyte expression profiles of proteins associated with ER stress. F Podocytes’ HIF1A and HO-1 expression profiles were evaluated by western blotting. G Representative micrographs of podocytes stained with eIF2α and p-eIF2α. Scale bar = 10 μm. H Representative micrographs of podocytes stained with HIF1A and HO-1. Scale bar = 10 μm. (ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HIF1A/HO-1, hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha/heme oxygenase-1; CHOP, CCAAT enhancer binding protein-homologous protein; eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; P value was calculated by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test.

3). Targeting PYK2, entrectinib allays anterior subcapsular cataracts in mice by regulating TGFβ2 signaling pathway. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2024 (PubMed: 39333897) [IF=6.0]

4). Risk subtyping and prognostic assessment of prostate cancer based on consensus genes. Communications Biology, 2022 (PubMed: 35293897) [IF=5.9]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: C4-2 and PC-3 cells

Fig. 6 ITGA11 inhibits prostate cancer cell migration and invasion through PI3K/AKT signaling. a Overlapping coexpressed genes of ITGA11 in five cohorts and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. b Correlation between ITGA11 expression and the activation level of PI3K/AKT signaling assessed by the HALLMARK PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling signature. c Correlation between ITGA11 expression and the activation level of PI3K/AKT signaling assessed by the REACTOME PI3K/AKT activation signature. d Western blot analysis validated the inhibition of Ser473 p-AKT1/2/3 activation via knockdown of shITGA11 in both C4-2 and PC-3 cells. e Quantification of the western blotting results showing in d. Data are presented as the mean ± SD based on three independent experiments (ns not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA), bars represent mean values, error bars represent SD.

5). Knockdown of EIF2AK2-OAS1 axis reduces ATP production inducing AMPK phosphorylation to inhibit the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells. Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes, 2024 (PubMed: 38825632) [IF=2.9]

6). Molecular subtyping and prognostic assessment of prostate cancer based on consensus genes. Research Square, 2021

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Affinity Biosciences tests all products strictly. Citations are provided as a resource for additional applications that have not been validated by Affinity Biosciences. Please choose the appropriate format for each application and consult Materials and Methods sections for additional details about the use of any product in these publications.

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