PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT Antibody - #AF7746

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Product: PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT Antibody
Catalog: AF7746
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT
Application: WB IHC
Cited expt.: WB
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey
Prediction: Pig, Bovine, Horse, Sheep, Dog, Xenopus
Mol.Wt.: 40kDa; 41kD,40kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P17612 | P22694 | P22612
RRID: AB_2844110

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MS Report
HPLC Report
MSDS
Data Sheet
COA
Protocols
WB Handbook
IHC Protocol
IF/ICC Protocol

Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat,Monkey
Prediction:
Pig(100%), Bovine(100%), Horse(100%), Sheep(100%), Dog(100%), Xenopus(100%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT Antibody detects endogenous levels of total PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT.
RRID:
AB_2844110
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF7746, RRID:AB_2844110.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

cAMP dependent protein kinase alpha catalytic subunit; cAMP dependent protein kinase beta catalytic subunit; cAMP dependent protein kinase catalytic beta subunit isoform 4ab; cAMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha; cAMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha, isoform 1; cAMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha; KAPCA_HUMAN; PKA C alpha; PKA C beta; PKA C-alpha; PKACA; PKACB; PPNAD4; PRKACA; PRKACAA; PRKACB; Protein kinase A catalytic subunit alpha; Protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Protein kinase A catalytic subunit beta; Protein kinase, cAMP dependent, catalytic, alpha; Protein kinase, cAMP dependent, catalytic, beta; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic beta subunit isoform 4ab; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta; KAPCB_HUMAN; PKA C beta; PKA C-beta; PKACB; Prkacb; protein kinase A catalytic subunit beta; Protein kinase cAMP dependent catalytic beta; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma; KAPCG_HUMAN; KAPG; PKA C gamma; PKA C-gamma; PKACg; PRKACG; Protein kinase cAMP dependent catalytic gamma; Serine (threonine) protein kinase;

Immunogens

Immunogen:

A synthesized peptide derived from human PKA alpha/beta/gamma CAT, corresponding to a region within the internal amino acids.

Uniprot:

P17612(KAPCA_HUMAN) >>Visit HPA database.

P22694(KAPCB_HUMAN) >>Visit HPA database.

P22612(KAPCG_HUMAN) >>Visit HPA database.

Gene(ID):
PRKACG(5568) | PRKACA(5566) | PRKACB(5567)
Expression:
P17612 KAPCA_HUMAN:

Isoform 1 is ubiquitous. Isoform 2 is sperm-specific and is enriched in pachytene spermatocytes but is not detected in round spermatids.

P22694 KAPCB_HUMAN:

Isoform 1 is most abundant in the brain, with low level expression in kidney. Isoform 2 is predominantly expressed in thymus, spleen and kidney. Isoform 3 and isoform 4 are only expressed in the brain.

P22612 KAPCG_HUMAN:

Testis specific. But important tissues such as brain and ovary have not been analyzed for the content of transcript.

Sequence:
MGNAAAAKKGSEQESVKEFLAKAKEDFLKKWESPAQNTAHLDQFERIKTLGTGSFGRVMLVKHKETGNHYAMKILDKQKVVKLKQIEHTLNEKRILQAVNFPFLVKLEFSFKDNSNLYMVMEYVPGGEMFSHLRRIGRFSEPHARFYAAQIVLTFEYLHSLDLIYRDLKPENLLIDQQGYIQVTDFGFAKRVKGRTWTLCGTPEYLAPEIILSKGYNKAVDWWALGVLIYEMAAGYPPFFADQPIQIYEKIVSGKVRFPSHFSSDLKDLLRNLLQVDLTKRFGNLKNGVNDIKNHKWFATTDWIAIYQRKVEAPFIPKFKGPGDTSNFDDYEEEEIRVSINEKCGKEFSEF

MGNAATAKKGSEVESVKEFLAKAKEDFLKKWENPTQNNAGLEDFERKKTLGTGSFGRVMLVKHKATEQYYAMKILDKQKVVKLKQIEHTLNEKRILQAVNFPFLVRLEYAFKDNSNLYMVMEYVPGGEMFSHLRRIGRFSEPHARFYAAQIVLTFEYLHSLDLIYRDLKPENLLIDHQGYIQVTDFGFAKRVKGRTWTLCGTPEYLAPEIILSKGYNKAVDWWALGVLIYEMAAGYPPFFADQPIQIYEKIVSGKVRFPSHFSSDLKDLLRNLLQVDLTKRFGNLKNGVSDIKTHKWFATTDWIAIYQRKVEAPFIPKFRGSGDTSNFDDYEEEDIRVSITEKCAKEFGEF

MGNAPAKKDTEQEESVNEFLAKARGDFLYRWGNPAQNTASSDQFERLRTLGMGSFGRVMLVRHQETGGHYAMKILNKQKVVKMKQVEHILNEKRILQAIDFPFLVKLQFSFKDNSYLYLVMEYVPGGEMFSRLQRVGRFSEPHACFYAAQVVLAVQYLHSLDLIHRDLKPENLLIDQQGYLQVTDFGFAKRVKGRTWTLCGTPEYLAPEIILSKGYNKAVDWWALGVLIYEMAVGFPPFYADQPIQIYEKIVSGRVRFPSKLSSDLKHLLRSLLQVDLTKRFGNLRNGVGDIKNHKWFATTSWIAIYEKKVEAPFIPKYTGPGDASNFDDYEEEELRISINEKCAKEFSEF

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Pig
100
Horse
100
Bovine
100
Sheep
100
Dog
100
Xenopus
100
Zebrafish
0
Chicken
0
Rabbit
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose-mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in the regulation of platelets in response to thrombin and collagen; maintains circulating platelets in a resting state by phosphorylating proteins in numerous platelet inhibitory pathways when in complex with NF-kappa-B (NFKB1 and NFKB2) and I-kappa-B-alpha (NFKBIA), but thrombin and collagen disrupt these complexes and free active PRKACA stimulates platelets and leads to platelet aggregation by phosphorylating VASP. Prevents the antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in breast cancer cells when activated. RYR2 channel activity is potentiated by phosphorylation in presence of luminal Ca(2+), leading to reduced amplitude and increased frequency of store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR) characterized by an increased rate of Ca(2+) release and propagation velocity of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves, despite reduced wave amplitude and resting cytosolic Ca(2+). PSMC5/RPT6 activation by phosphorylation stimulates proteasome. Negatively regulates tight junctions (TJs) in ovarian cancer cells via CLDN3 phosphorylation. NFKB1 phosphorylation promotes NF-kappa-B p50-p50 DNA binding. Involved in embryonic development by down-regulating the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that determines embryo pattern formation and morphogenesis. Prevents meiosis resumption in prophase-arrested oocytes via CDC25B inactivation by phosphorylation. May also regulate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT). Phosphorylates APOBEC3G and AICDA. Isoform 2 phosphorylates and activates ABL1 in sperm flagellum to promote spermatozoa capacitation. Phosphorylates HSF1; this phosphorylation promotes HSF1 nuclear localization and transcriptional activity upon heat shock.

PTMs:

Asn-3 is partially deaminated to Asp giving rise to 2 major isoelectric variants, called CB and CA respectively.

Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylation is enhanced by vitamin K(2). Phosphorylated on threonine and serine residues. Phosphorylation on Thr-198 is required for full activity.

Phosphorylated at Tyr-331 by activated receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and PDGFR; this increases catalytic efficiency.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Nucleus. Mitochondrion. Membrane>Lipid-anchor.
Note: Translocates into the nucleus (monomeric catalytic subunit). The inactive holoenzyme is found in the cytoplasm. Distributed throughout the cytoplasm in meiotically incompetent oocytes. Associated to mitochondrion as meiotic competence is acquired. Aggregates around the germinal vesicles (GV) at the immature GV stage oocytes (By similarity). Colocalizes with HSF1 in nuclear stress bodies (nSBs) upon heat shock (PubMed:21085490).

Cell projection>Cilium>Flagellum. Cytoplasmic vesicle>Secretory vesicle>Acrosome.
Note: Expressed in the midpiece region of the sperm flagellum (PubMed:10906071). Colocalizes with MROH2B and TCP11 on the acrosome and tail regions in round spermatids and spermatozoa regardless of the capacitation status of the sperm (By similarity).

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Isoform 1 is ubiquitous. Isoform 2 is sperm-specific and is enriched in pachytene spermatocytes but is not detected in round spermatids.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.

Function:

Mediates cAMP-dependent signaling triggered by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, as well as regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion flux. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates GPKOW which regulates its ability to bind RNA.

PTMs:

Asn-3 is partially deaminated to Asp giving rise to 2 major isoelectric variants, called CB and CA respectively.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Membrane>Lipid-anchor. Nucleus.
Note: Translocates into the nucleus (monomeric catalytic subunit). The inactive holoenzyme is found in the cytoplasm.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Isoform 1 is most abundant in the brain, with low level expression in kidney. Isoform 2 is predominantly expressed in thymus, spleen and kidney. Isoform 3 and isoform 4 are only expressed in the brain.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.

Function:

Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Tissue Specificity:

Testis specific. But important tissues such as brain and ovary have not been analyzed for the content of transcript.

Family&Domains:

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.

Research Fields

· Cellular Processes > Cell growth and death > Oocyte meiosis.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Transport and catabolism > Autophagy - animal.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cellular community - eukaryotes > Tight junction.   (View pathway)

· Cellular Processes > Cellular community - eukaryotes > Gap junction.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > MAPK signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Ras signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Calcium signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > cAMP signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Wnt signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Hedgehog signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > Apelin signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Drug resistance: Antineoplastic > Endocrine resistance.

· Human Diseases > Neurodegenerative diseases > Parkinson's disease.

· Human Diseases > Neurodegenerative diseases > Prion diseases.

· Human Diseases > Substance dependence > Cocaine addiction.

· Human Diseases > Substance dependence > Amphetamine addiction.

· Human Diseases > Substance dependence > Morphine addiction.

· Human Diseases > Substance dependence > Alcoholism.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Bacterial > Vibrio cholerae infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Parasitic > Amoebiasis.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Human papillomavirus infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > HTLV-I infection.

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Epstein-Barr virus infection.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Pathways in cancer.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Viral carcinogenesis.

· Human Diseases > Cancers: Overview > Proteoglycans in cancer.

· Human Diseases > Cardiovascular diseases > Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Chemokine signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Aging > Longevity regulating pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Aging > Longevity regulating pathway - multiple species.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Circulatory system > Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Circulatory system > Vascular smooth muscle contraction.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > Platelet activation.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Environmental adaptation > Circadian entrainment.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Long-term potentiation.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Glutamatergic synapse.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Cholinergic synapse.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Serotonergic synapse.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > GABAergic synapse.

· Organismal Systems > Nervous system > Dopaminergic synapse.

· Organismal Systems > Sensory system > Olfactory transduction.

· Organismal Systems > Sensory system > Taste transduction.

· Organismal Systems > Sensory system > Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Insulin signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Insulin secretion.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Ovarian steroidogenesis.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Estrogen signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Melanogenesis.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Thyroid hormone synthesis.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Thyroid hormone signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Oxytocin signaling pathway.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Glucagon signaling pathway.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Renin secretion.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Aldosterone synthesis and secretion.

· Organismal Systems > Endocrine system > Relaxin signaling pathway.

· Organismal Systems > Excretory system > Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption.

· Organismal Systems > Excretory system > Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption.

· Organismal Systems > Digestive system > Salivary secretion.

· Organismal Systems > Digestive system > Gastric acid secretion.

References

1). β-asarone improves cognitive impairment and alleviates autophagy in mice with vascular dementia via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2024 (PubMed: 38039902) [IF=6.7]
2). Protective effects of 4-geranyloxy-2,6-dihydroxybenzophenonel on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via regulation of cAMP/PKA/CREB and NF-κB signaling pathways. Phytotherapy Research, 2023 (PubMed: 36428266) [IF=6.1]
3). Study of the mechanism by which Xiaoyan decoction combined with E7449 regulates tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinoma. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2024 (PubMed: 38898581) [IF=5.3]
4). Combination of pseudoephedrine and emodin ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization through the VIP/cAMP/PKA pathway. Chinese Medicine, 2022 (PubMed: 35123524) [IF=5.3]

Application: WB    Species: Rat    Sample: lung tissues 

Fig. 6 Pseudoephedrine + emodin up-regulated VIP/CAMP/PKA pathways and Inhibited NF-κB in LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. A, D VIP, cAMP mRNA expression was determined using Real-time PCR analysis. B, C, E–H Western blot analysis was performed to detect VIP, cAMP, p-PKA, p-IκBα and p-P65 protein expression. All data are expressed as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. LPS alone group. +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 vs. combined treatment group (5 + 20 mg/kg)
5). NPY stimulates cholesterol synthesis acutely by activating the SREBP2-HMGCR pathway through the Y1 and Y5 receptors in murine hepatocytes. LIFE SCIENCES, 2020 (PubMed: 32976883) [IF=5.2]

Application: WB    Species: rat    Sample: BRL-3A hepatocytes

Fig. 6. | NPY activates the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not PKA.(B) NPY (25 nM) could not stimulate PKA phosphorylation at Thr197/Thr198 site in BRL-3A hepatocytes. The results are presented as the percentage change in phospho-ERK/ERK or phospho-PKA/PKA intensity compared with the control and normalized to 100%. The data are presented as the mean ± SE; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Dunnett's test in (A and B).
6). Inhibition of reinstatement of alcohol-induced conditioned place preference in mice by Lonicera japonica polysaccharide. Food & Function, 2022 (PubMed: 35899807) [IF=5.1]
7). Melatonin reduces intramuscular fat deposition by promoting lipolysis and increasing mitochondrial function. JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH, 2019 (PubMed: 30552289) [IF=5.0]

Application: WB    Species: pig    Sample: porcine intramuscular preadipocytes

Fig.?5.|Melatonin-activated PKA and ERK1/2 mediate lipolysis in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. A–J: Fully differentiated adipocytes were treated with control, 1 mM of melatonin, and 1 mM of melatonin plus 10 M of 4-P-PDOT for 24 h. The expression levels of PKA (A, B), ERK1/2 (C, D), HSL (E, F), PLIN1 (G, H), and ATGL (I, J) and the phosphorylation levels of PKA (p-PKA Thr197) (A, B), ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2 Thr202/Tyr204) (C, D), HSL (pHSL Ser660) (E, F), PLIN1 (p-PLIN1 Ser522) (G, H), and -tubulin (I, J) were evaluated by Western blotting. The results are represented as the mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n = 3).
8). Inhibiting PAC1 receptor internalization and endosomal ERK pathway activation may ameliorate hyperalgesia in a chronic migraine rat model. Cephalalgia, 2023 (PubMed: 36946245) [IF=5.0]

Application: WB    Species: Rat    Sample:

Figure 4. Increased expression of PACAP induced PAC1 receptor internalization and pathways activation in TG neurons after repeated NTG or PACAP administration. (a–c). Representative immunoblots and quantitative analysis of PACAP (F(2,24) = 28.37, *p(NTG) = 0.0432, *p(PACAP) = 0.0184), PKA (F(2,24) = 18.97, **p(NTG) = 0.0032, *p(PACAP) = 0.0469) and phospho-ERK(F(2,24) = 47.63, **p(NTG) = 0.0073, *p(PACAP) = 0.0247). (d). Representative western blot images and analysis showing the expression of PAC1 Continued.receptor increased in cytosol and decreased in cytomembrane after repeated NTG or PACAP administration (Cytosol: F(2, 24) =16.81, *p(NTG) = 0.0238, *p(PACAP) = 0.0419; Cytomembrane: F(2,24) = 49.97, **p(NTG) = 0.0018, **p(PACAP) = 0.0036). Raw western blots are presented in Supplementary Figure 5. (e). Double immunofluorescence staining showed that PACAP (red) was co-localized within neurons (NeuN positive (green)) in the TG and (f). Double immunofluorescence staining showed that PAC1 receptor (red) was co-localized within neurons (NeuN positive (green)) in the TG. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that PAC1 receptors were present on the cell surface (white arrows) in the saline group, plasma membrane translocation (white asterisks) of PAC1 receptor occurred after NTG or PACAP-treated. Scale bar: 50 μm. Insets show a higher magnification view (Zoom). Mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test, n = 3/group. *p 
9). Patchouli oil ameliorates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in rats via protecting intestinal barrier and regulating water transport. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2020 (PubMed: 31883475) [IF=4.8]

Application: WB    Species: rat    Sample: intestinal

Fig. 9.| Effect of P.oil on the expression of VIP, cAMP, and PKA (n = 3–5). (A) Representative western blotting band. The expressions of VIP (B), cAMP (C) and PKA(D).
10). Raw and wine processed Schisandra chinensis attenuate anxiety like behavior via modulating gut microbiota and lipid metabolism pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2021 (PubMed: 33007392) [IF=4.8]

Application: WB    Species: rat    Sample: liver

Fig. 5. |Stress causes GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway disorder, increases anxiety behavior in rats, which was ameliorated by WSC and SC.Relative expression of GPR81 mRNA in liver (A). Concentration of D-lactate (C) and L-lactate (B) in plasma. The protein expression and relative quantitative data of AC5 and PKA (D).
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